Citizen engagement: from promise to practice
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Chapter 1: Introduction2 Paragrafen
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Chapter 2: Start with the right questions5 Paragrafen
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Chapter 3: Designing the participation process6 Paragrafen
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Chapter 4: Making participation succeed6 Paragrafen
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Chapter 5: Understanding the impact of participation4 Paragrafen
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Chapter 6: Skills, capacity, policies and governance needed4 Paragrafen
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Chapter 7: Final thoughts1 Paragraaf
5.1. Policy impact
We start with the most visible dimension of impact: does participation actually influence public decisions. The focus now shifts from the participation process itself to what happens inside policy-making. How do issues get framed? Which options stay on the table? Does citizen input shapes the direction of decisions and how do they get implemented?
What does policy impact look like?
Policy impact does not happen automatically
Research shows that policy impact depends heavily on:
- A clear mandate on what is open for influence.
- Political commitment to use the results.
- Transparency about how input is handled.
Without these conditions, participation risks becoming what Arnstein (1969) famously called “tokenism”: where people can speak, but not influence outcomes.
Drenthe's citizen assemblies were embedded in existing decision-making structures, ensuring their recommendations directly informed policy discussions within the provincial administration and parliament.
Anne de Zeeuw - Province of Drenthe