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We start with the most visible dimension of impact: does participation actually influence public decisions. The focus now shifts from the participation process itself to what happens inside policy-making. How do issues get framed? Which options stay on the table? Does citizen input shapes the direction of decisions and how do they get implemented?

What does policy impact look like?

1. Real influence on policy.
Policy impact means citizen input shows up in actual policies, plans or decisions. It's the most visible form of impact people look for.
2. More than literal adoption.
Recommendations rarely get copied word for word into a final decision. Real impact also shows up in smaller shifts, like a changed priority or a reframed problem.
3. Shaping the bigger picture.
Participation can shape how a problem gets understood, which priorities rise to the top and which options stay on the table.
4. Better informed decisions.
Participation helps decision-makers understand public needs and see which trade-offs people find acceptable.
5. Leaving a trace.
The key question is whether you can see a trace of citizen input in the final decision. That trace is what makes policy impact real and visible.

Policy impact does not happen automatically

Research shows that policy impact depends heavily on:

  • A clear mandate on what is open for influence.
  • Political commitment to use the results.
  • Transparency about how input is handled.

Without these conditions, participation risks becoming what Arnstein (1969) famously called “tokenism”: where people can speak, but not influence outcomes.

Drenthe's citizen assemblies were embedded in existing decision-making structures, ensuring their recommendations directly informed policy discussions within the provincial administration and parliament.